选举观察的制度引入与基层选举监督的创新路径——基于村委会选举观察员制度运行的分析

国内村委会选举观察员制度运行的成效和问题为选举观察制度的普遍引入提供了发展方向和问题警示。总结国内村委会选举观察员制度运行的得失,认为当今我国基层民主监督在理论与实践上的双重弱化状态和地方政治发展的实际需要是选举观察制度引入的基本条件,公众和媒体的参与、专家学者的推动等多重社会力量是促使选举观察制度运行的动力。选举观察制度的法制建设、政府部门的相对淡出、民间观察的介入与激励是选举观察制度完善与基层选举监督创新的基本路径。     

地埋滴灌点源入渗土壤水分运动规律实验研究

通过室内砂土中进行地埋滴灌的实验,对地埋滴灌在砂土中的适应性进行初步研究,为田间试验布置提供依据。通过分析湿润锋的推移速率、特征点的土壤含水率变化规律,发现湿润锋推移速率先是径向大于垂向,随着灌水时间和灌水量增加,水平方向和垂向的湿润锋和含水率趋于平衡。根据对比滴灌带埋深15和20 cm特征点的含水率变化情况,得出埋深15 cm节水效果更好,更利于作物生长。实验还得出湿润比能作为滴灌灌水参数的指标,由于作物种植的间距和作物根系深度之比基本小于1.0,因此在田间实际灌溉中湿润比应控制在1.0左右。     

Development of a kompetitive allele‐specific PCR marker for selection of the mutated Wx‐D1d allele in wheat breeding

Waxy (Wx) protein is a key enzyme for synthesis of amylose in endosperm. Amylose content in wheat grain influences the quality of end‐use products. Seven alleles have been described at the Wx‐D1 locus, but only two of them (Wx‐D1b, Wx‐D1e) were genotyped with codominant markers. The waxy wheat line K107Wx1 developed by treating ‘Kanto 107’ seeds with ethyl methanesulphonate carries the Wx‐D1d allele. However, no molecular basis supports this nomenclature. In the present study, DNA sequence analysis confirmed that a single nucleotide polymorphism in the sixth exon of Wx‐D1 changed tryptophan at position 301 into a termination codon. Based on this sequence variation, a PCR‐based KASP marker was developed to detect this point mutation using 68 BC₈F₁ plants and 297 BC₈F₂ lines derived from the cross ‘Ningmai 14’*9/K107Wx1. Combined with codominant markers for the Wx‐A1 and Wx‐B1 alleles, waxy and non‐waxy near‐isogenic lines were distinguished. The KASP marker was efficient in identifying the mutant allele and can be used to transfer waxiness to elite lines.     

希腊式酸奶加工中HACCP体系的建立

本文依据HACCP体系的基本原则，对希腊式酸奶加工过程进行危害分析（HA），并确定了加工中的关键控制点（CCP），同时制定了相应的控制限值和监控措施，以期通过这些措施提高希腊式酸奶生产管理水平和产品的质量水平。     

刺参生殖腺发育的生物学零度和有效积温研究

[目的]为刺参的繁殖以及工厂化人工育苗提供理论基础。[方法]以渤海湾地区刺参为试验材料,研究渤海湾地区刺参生殖腺发育生物学零度及其性成熟的有效积温。[结果]渤海湾地区刺参生殖腺发育的生物学零度为6.14℃,而有效积温为800.19℃·d。[结论]该研究在渤海湾地区刺参育苗生产中具有重要的参考价值。     

Random point sampling to detect gain and loss in tree canopy cover in response to urban densification

Urban tree canopy cover (UTC) is a simple, and common, measure of urban forest resource. Urban infill development is likely to lead to losses in UTC under private tenure, at a time when local governments are setting ambitious targets to increase UTC overall. Simple, statistically rigorous methods are required to benchmark and track change in UTC, whilst identifying which land-use types or tenures experience change.We estimated UTC in six Melbourne suburbs in 2010 and 2015 by randomly sampling 2000 points across public land, public streetscapes and private land. We were able to detect a net change in UTC of <2% over five years to a 95% level of confidence. A significant net decrease in UTC (−2.4%) was only detected in one of the six suburbs. Two suburbs had a net increase in UTC by +2.7% over five years. On private land, there was often areas of UTC loss, but this was generally offset by canopy gain in other areas of the private realm as well as in streetscapes and public land. Losses in UTC on private land were mainly due to tree removal, with or without subsequent construction works.This study describes a simple, but statistically rigorous, method to quantify UTC change and the drivers of change in different land-use types and tenure. Despite studying two suburbs will high rates of infill development, only one suburb showed evidence of net UTC decrease. The ‘dynamic equilibrium’ in UTC, whereby canopy losses area approximately offset by concurrent canopy gain, means that ambitious targets being set by local governments to increase UTC may be difficult to achieve without changes in tree protection and infill development policy and planning.     

兴安盟春玉米生产现状及生态气候应对措施

在深入基层调查和多年实践经验基础上,总结了兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题,并提出了应对措施。结果认为,兴安盟玉米生产中存在的主要问题是没有充分利用气候资源实现高产稳产,玉米越区种植和浪费热量资源问题突出,并提出了合理利用气候资源趋利避害的应对措施和建议,对稳定兴安盟玉米单产、提高玉米总产具有重要意义。     

经络穴位给药系统在兽医临床上的应用

经络穴位给药系统以中医经络理论为基础,具有经穴效应和药物效应的双重治疗特性,已广泛应用于兽医临床.目前,兽医临床上常用穴位给药方式是穴位埋植和穴位注射,而常用穴位主要是后海穴、百会穴、肺龠穴.随着经络穴位给药系统的广泛应用,新型经络穴位给药制剂和经络穴位给药作用机理已成为经络穴位给药系统研究的重点.     

似刺鳊鮈耗氧率和窒息点的初步研究

试验测定了似刺鳊鮈（Paracanthobrama guichenoti）的耗氧率和窒息点,并对耗氧率的昼夜变化规律以及体重对其窒息点的影响进行了研究。结果表明,似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率与温度和体重之间有极显著复相关关系。在试验温度（15～30℃）条件下,似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率随温度的升高而增大,随体重的增加而降低;耗氧率（R0）与温度（T）和体重（W）的二元线形回归方程是：R0=0.0160T＋0.0002W-0.1600,复相关系数为0.9460;似刺鳊鮈的耗氧率具有昼夜节律性,耗氧高峰出现在7∶00,低谷在21∶00;似刺鳊鮈的窒息点与体重显著相关,窒息点A（mg/L）与体重W（g）的关系为：A=0.3463W0.2835,r=0.9050。研究结果可为似刺鳊鮈养殖生产中制定合理的放养密度和养殖工艺提供参考依据。     

乌鄯线冬季冷热油交替输送运行方案

为保障西部原油管道乌鄯线安全平稳运行,实现节能降耗输送,分析了乌鄯线和阿独乌线外输哈国油物性、沿线油温、地温数据,进而探讨了乌鄯线冬季运行冷热油交替输送的可行性。研究结果表明：长输原油管道冬季低输量运行,其进站油温差距不大并与地温的变化趋势一致,沿线地温为冬季冷热油交替输送的重要参数;采用冷热油交替输送工艺,哈国油常温输送对北疆油物性影响不大;乌鄯线冬季运行采用冷热油交替输送,节约燃料天然气约51.6%,节能降耗效果明显,说明乌鄯线冬季运行采用冷热油交替输送具有可行性。